January | 2018 | Deanei Forest Bushcare Group

Family	Genus / Species	Common name	Bibliography
Araceae	Monstera deliciosa	Fruit Salad Piant	A, Weed
Cyperaceae	Cyperus imbecilis	undefined	A
Cyperaceae	Lepidosperma urophorum	undefined	A
Hemerocallidoideae	Dianella caerulea	Paroo Lily	A
Hemerocallidoideae	Dianella revoluta	Spreading Flax Lily	A
Hemerocallidoideae	Stypandra glauca	Nodding Blue Lily	A
Juncaceae	Juncus usitatus	Common Rush	A
Liliaceae	Lilium formesanum	Formosa Lily	A, Weed
Lomandroideae	Lomandra gracilis	undefined	A
Lomandroideae	Lomandra longifolia	Spiny-Headed Mat-Rush	A
Lomandroideae	Lomandra obliqua	Twisted Mat Rush	A
Orchidaceae	Acianthus fornicatus	Pixie Caps	A
Orchidaceae	Caladenia catenata	undefined	A
Orchidaceae	Chiloglottis sp.	Bird-Orchid	A
Orchidaceae	Cryptostylis erecta	Bonnet Orchid	A
Orchidaceae	Cymbidium suave	Snake Flower	A
Orchidaceae	Cyptostylis lepochila	undefined	A
Orchidaceae	Caladenia catenata	undefined	A
Orchidaceae	Liparis reflexa	Yellow Rock, Orchid	A
Orchidaceae	Pterostylis sp.	Greenhood Orchid	A
Philesiaceae	Eustrephus latifolius	Wombat Berry	A
Poaceae	Arundo donax	Giant Reed	A, Weed
Poaceae	Avena fatua	Wild Oats	A, Weed
Poaceae	Bambusa sp.	Bamboo	A, Weed
Poaceae	Cymbopogon refractus	Barbwire Grass	A
Poaceae	Cyoodon dactylon	Couch Grass	A, Weed
Poaceae	Digitaria parviflora	Smallflower Finger Grass	A
Poaceae	Echinopogon caespitosus	Tufted Hedgehog Grass	A
Poaceae	Echinopogon ovatus	Forest Hedgehog Grass	A
Poaceae	Ehrharta erecta	Panic Veldtgrass	A, Weed
Poaceae	Entolasia marginata	Border Panic	A
Poaceae	Eragrostis sp.	Love Grass	A
Poaceae	Microlaena stipoides	Weeping Meadow Grass	A
Poaceae	Oplismenus imbecillis	undefined	A
Poaceae	Panicum simile	Two Colour Panic	A
Poaceae	Paspaium dilatatum	Paspalum	A, Weed
Poaceae	Pennisetum clandestinum	Kikuyu	A, Weed
Poaceae	Setaria geniculata	Slender Pigeon Grass	A, Weed
Poaceae	Setaria palmifolia	Palm Grass	A, Weed
Poaceae	Sporobolus africanus	Parramatta Grass	A, Weed
Poaceae	Themeda triandra	Kangaroo Grass	A
Smilacaceae	Smilax australis	Lawyer Vine	A
Smilacaceae	Smilax glyciphylla	Sweet Sarsaparilla	A
Violaceae	Hybanthus monopetalus	undefined	A
Zingiberaceae	Hedychium gardneranum	Ginger Lily	A, Weed
Family	Genus / Species	Common name	Bibliography

Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography
Acanthaceae	Pseuderanthemum variabile	Pastel Flower	A
Acanthaceae	Thunbergia alata	Black-Eyed Susan	A Weed
Anacardiaceae	Toxicodendron succadaneum	Rhus Tree	A Weed
Apiaceae	Centella asiatica	Swamp Pennywort	A
Apiaceae	Platysace lanceolata	Lance-Leaf Platysace	A
Apiaceae	Platysace linearifolia	Narrow-Leaf Platysace	A
Apocynaceae	Marsdenia suaveolens	Scented Milk Vine	A
Apocynaceae	Tylophora barbata	Bearded Tylophora	A
Araliaceae	Polyscias sambucifolia	Elderbeny Panax	A
Asteraceae	Bidens pilosa	Cobbler's Peg	A Weed
Asteraceae	Cassinia aculeata	Dogwood	A
Asteraceae	Cirsium vulgare	Spear Thistle	A Weed
Asteraceae	Conyza bonariensis	Flax-leaf Fieabane	A Weed
Asteraceae	Helichrysum scorpioides	Button Everlasting	A
Asteraceae	Hypochaeris radicata	Cat's Ear	A Weed
Asteraceae	Lagenifera stipitata	Blue Bottle-Daisy	A
Asteraceae	Olearia tomentosa	Downy Daisy Bush	A
Asteraceae	Ozothamnus diosmifolius	White Dogwood	A
Asteraceae	Senecio mikanioides	Cape Ivy	A Weed
Asteraceae	Sigesbeckia orientalis	Indian Weed	A
Asteraceae	Sonchus oleraceus	Common Sow Thistle	A Weed
Bignoniaceae	Pandorea pandorana	Wonga Vine	A
Bignoniaceae	Tecoma capensis	Cape Honeysuckle	A Weed
Caprifoliaceae	Lonicera japenica	Japanese Honeysuckle	A Weed
Casuarinaceae	Allocasuarina torulosa	Forest Oak	A
Chenopodiaceae	Chenopodium hastata	Berry Saltbush	A
Convolvulaceae	Dichondra repens	Kidney Weed	A
Cudoniaceae	Callicoma serratifolia	Black Wattle	A
Convolvulaceae	Ipomaea indica	Blue Morning Glory	A Weed
Cudoniaceae	Ceratopetalum apetalum	Coachwood	A
Dilleniaceae	Hibbertia aspera	Rough Guinea Flower	A
Dilleniaceae	Hibbertia dentata	Toothed Guinea Flower	A
Dilleniaceae	Hibbertia diffusa	undefined	A
Dilleniaceae	Hibbertia linearis	undefined	A
Elaeaocarpaceae	Elaeocarpus reticulatus	Blueberry Ash	A
Ericaceae	Acrotriche divaricata	Ground-Berry	A
Ericaceae	Arbutus unedo	Strawberry Tree	A Weed
Ericaceae	Dracophyllum secundum	undefined	A
Ericaceae	Leucopogon lanceolatus	Lance-Leaf heard-Heath	A
Euphorbiaceae	Amperea xiphoclada	Broom Spurge	A
Euphorbiaceae	Breynia oblongifolia	Breynia	A
Euphorbiaceae	Euphorbia peplus	Petty Spurge	A Weed
Euphorbiaceae	Phyllanthus hirtellus	Thyme Spurge	A
Fabaceae	Acacia floribunda	Sally Wattle	A
Fabaceae	Acacia implexa	Hickory	A
Fabaceae	Acacia longifolia	Sydney Golden Wattle	A
Fabaceae	Bossiaea obcordata	Spiny Bossiaca	A
Fabaceae	Coronidium scorpioides	undefined	A
Fabaceae	Genista monspessulana	Cape Broom	A Weed
Fabaceae	Glycine clandestina	Twining Glycine	A
Fabaceae	Glycine tabacina	undefined	A
Fabaceae	Hardenbergia violacea	Purple Twining-Pea	A
Fabaceae	Jacksonia scoparia	Dogwood	A
Fabaceae	Kennedia rubicunda	Dusky Coral-Pea	A
Fabaceae	Podolobium ilicifolium	Native Holly	A
Fabaceae	Pultenaea flexilis	undefined	A
Fabaceae	Pultenaea scabra	Rough Bush Pea	A
Geraniaceae	Geranium solanderi	Australian Cranesbill	A
Goodeniaceae	Goodenia decurrens	undefined	A
Goodeniaceae	Goodenia hederacea	undefined	A
Goodeniaceae	Goodenia heterophylla	undefined	A
Haloragaceae	Gonocarpus tetragynus	undefined	A
Lamiaceae	Plectranthus parviflorus	Cockspur Flower	A
Lauraceae	Cinnamomum camphora	Camphor Laurel	A Weed
Lauraceae	Sida rhombifolia	Paddy's Lucerne	A Weed
Lobelioideae	Pratia purpurascens	Purple Pratia	A
Moraceae	Ficus rubiginosa	Rusty Fig	A
Myrtaceae	Angophora costata	Smooth-Barked Apple	A
Myrtaceae	Backhousia myrtifolia	Grey Myrtle	A
Myrtaceae	Corymbia gummifera	Red Bloodwood	A
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus deanei	Mountain Blue Gum	A
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus globoidea	White Stringybark	A
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus notabilis	Blue Mountains Mahogany	A
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus piperita	Sydney Peppermint	A
Myrtaceae	Eucalyptus punctata	Grey Gum	A
Myrtaceae	Leptospermum trinervium	Flaky-Barked Tea-Tree	A
Myrtaceae	Syncarpia glomulifera	Turpentine	A
Myrtaceae	Tristaniopsis collina	undefined	A
Ochnaceae	Ochna serrulata	Ochna	A Weed
Oleaceae	Jasminum polyanthum	Jasmine	A Weed
Oleaceae	Ligustrum lucidum	Large-Leaved Privet	A Weed
Oleaceae	Ligustrum sinense	Small-Leaved Privet	A Weed
Oleaceae	Notelaea longifolia	Mock Olive	A
Oxalidaceae	Oxalis corniculata	Yellow Wood Sorrel	A Weed
Passifloraceae	Passiflora edulis	Passionfruit	A Weed
Phytolaccaceae	Phytolacca octandra	lnkweed	A Weed
Pittosporaceae	Billardiera scandens	Apple Dumpling	A
Pittosporaceae	Bursaria spinosa	Blackthorn	A
Yellow Pittosporum	Pittosporum revolutum	Yellow Pittosporum	A
Pittosporaceae	Pittosporum undulatum	Sweet Pittosporum	A
Plantaginaceae	Plantago lanceolata	Lamb's Tongue	A Weed
Primulaceae	Anagallis arvensis	Pimpernel	A Weed
Proteaceae	Banksia spinulosa	Hairpin Banksia	A
Proteaceae	Grevillea sericea	Pink Spider-Flower	A
Proteaceae	Hakea sericea	Needle-Bush	A
Proteaceae	Lomatia silaifolia	Crinkle Bush	A
Proteaceae	Persoonia levis	Broad-Leaf Geebung	A
Proteaceae	Persoonia linearis	Narrow-Leaf Geebung	A
Rosaceae	Eriobotrya japonica	Loquat	A Weed
Rosaceae	Rubus parvifolius	Native Raspberry	A
Rosaceae	Rubus ulmifolius	Blackberry	A Weed
Rubiaceae	Morinda jasminoides	Jasmine Morinda	A
Rubiaceae	Pomax umbellata	Pomax	A
Rutaceae	Eriostcmon hispidulus	undefined	A
Rutaceae	Citrus limon	Rough Lemon	A Weed
Rutaceae	Zieria smithii	Sandfly Zieria	A
Santalaceae	Exocarpos strictus	Pale Ballart	A
Solanaceae	Solanum mauritianum	Wild Tobacco Tree	A Weed
Solanaceae	Solanum nigrum	Black-Beried Nightshade	A Weed
Solanaceae	Solanum psendocapsicum	Madicra Winer Cherry	A Weed
Stylidiaceae	Stylidium graminifolium	Trigger Plant	A
Urticaceae	Urtica incisa	Stinging Nettle	A
Verbenaceae	Lantana camara	Lantana	A Weed
Verbenaceae	Verbena bonariensis	Purple Top	A Weed
Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography

Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography
Bovidae	Ovis aries	Sheep (feral)	F
Canidae	Vulpes vulpcs	Red Fox	A F
Canidae	Canis familiaris	Dog	A F
Dasyuridae	Dasyurus maculatus	Spotted-tailed Quoll	F
Dasyuridae	Antechinus stuartii	Brown Antechinus	D E
Tachyglossidae	Tachyglossus aculeatus	Short-beaked Echidna	A
Felidae	Felis catus	Cat	A F
Molossidae	Mormopterus ridei	Ride’s Free-tailed Bat	D
Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Eastern Horseshoe Bat	D
Macropods	Wallabia bicolor	Swamp Wallaby	F
Pteropodidae	Pteropus poliocephaIus	Grey-headed Flying-fox	A F
Miniopteridae	Miniopterus schreibersii	Eastern Bentwing Bat	D F
Muridae	Rattus fuscipes	Bush Rat	A D
Muridae	Rattus rattus	Black Rat	A
Muridae	Rattus lutreolus	Swamp Rat	D
Peramelidae	Perameles nasuta	Long-nosed Bandicoot	A D
Petauridae	Petaurus breviceps	Sugar Glider	A
Petauridae	Petaurus norfolcensis	Squirrel Glider	A
Phalangeridae	Trichosurus vulpecula	Common Brushtail Possum	A F
Pseudocheiridae	Pseudocheirus peregrinus	Common Ringtail Possum	A F
Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus darlingtoni	Large Forest Bat	D F
Vespertilionidae	Chalinolobus dwyeri	Large-eared Pied Bat	D
Vespertilionidae	Chalinolobus gouldi	Gould’s Wattled Bat	D
Vespertilionidae	Nyctophilus bifax	Eastern Long-eared Bat	D
Vespertilionidae	Scotorepens orion	Eastern Broad-nosed Bat	F
Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography

Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography
Scincidae	Eulamprus quoyii	Eastern Water Skink	A
Scincidae	Egernia cunninghami	Cunningham's Skink	A
Scincidae	Tiliqua scincoides	Eastern Blue-tongue	A
Scincidae	Lampropholis delicata	Delicate Skink	A
Elapidae	Hemiaspis signata	Swamp Snake	A
Carphodactylidae	Phyllurus platurus	Southern Leaf-tailed Gecko	A
Scincidae	Ctenotus robustus	Striped Skink	A
Elapidae	Cacophis squamuJosus	Golden-crowned Snake	A F
Typhlopidae	Ramphotyphlops nigreseens	Eastern Blind Snake	A F
Scincidae	Ctenotus taeniolatus	Copper-tailed Skink	A
Scincidae	Cryptoblepharus virgatus	Fence Skink	A
Agamidae	Intellagama lesueurii	Eastern Water Dragon	F
Agamidae	Rankinia diemensis	Mountain Dragon	F
Pythonidae	Morelia spilota	Carpet & Diamond Python	F
Scincidae	Lampropholis delicata	Dark-flecked Garden Sunskink	F
Scincidae	Lampropholis guichenoti	Pale-flecked Garden Sunskink	F
Scincidae	Saiphos equalis	Three-toed skink	F
Scincidae	Saproscincus mustelinus	Weasel Skink	F
Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography

Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography
Myobatrachidae	Crinia signifera	Common Eastern Froglet	A F
Myobatrachidae	Platyplectrum ornatum	Ornate Burrowing Frog	F
Myobatrachidae	Pseudophryne australis	Red-crowned Toadlet	F
Myobatrachidae	Lymnodynastes peronii	Striped Marsh Frog	A
Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography

Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography
ADIANTACEAE	Adiantum aethiopicum	Common Maidenhair Fern	A
ADIANTACEAE	Adiantum hisridulum	Rough Maidenhair Fern	A
ASPLENIACEAE	Asplenium flabellifolium	Necklace Fern	A
BLECHNACEAE	Bleehnum ambiguum	Gristle Fern	A
BLECHNACEAE	Blechnum cartilagineum	Gristle Fern	A
BLECHNACEAE	Doodia aspera	Rasp Fern	A
DENNSTAEDTIACEAE	Pteridium esculentum	Bracken Fern	A
DICKSONIACEAE	Calochlaena dubia	False Bracker Fern	A
GLEICHENIACEAE	Gleichenia rupestris	Coral Fern	A
LINDSAEACEAE	Lindsaea linearis	Screw Fern	A
LINDSAEACEAE	Lindsaea micmphylla	Lacy Wedge-Fern	A
OSMUNDACEAE	Todea barbara	King Fern	A
PTERIDACEAE	Chcilanthes sieberi	Poison Rock Fern	A
Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography

Bird species known to occur in Deanei Forest. Results from Bird surveys in the Deanei Forest are summarised in the following table

Bibliography Key

A – Plan of Management Deanei Forest – Roger Lembit – May-95
B – Deanei Survey – Graham Turner together with the Bushcare team – 26 Jan 2015
C – Bushcare Conference Bioblitz data – Carol Probets & Graham Turner together with the Bushcare team – 29 July 2017
D – Birding Session – 22 April 2018 – Flora and Fauna Workshop 2 – May 2018
E – Blue Mountains Fauna Project 2018. Records collected from the community to date for Deanei Forest
F – Bionet NSW Wildlife Record

Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography
Acanthizidae	Acanthiza pusilla	Brown Thornbill	A B C E F
Campephagidae	Coracina tenuirostris	Cicadabird	F
Maluridae	Malurus cyancus	Superb Fairy-wren	A B E F
Acanthizidae	Sericornis magnirostra	Large-billed Scrubwren	B
Columbidae	Geopelia placida	Peaceful Dove	A F
Cacatuidae	Cacatua galerita	Sulphur-crested Cockatoo	A B C E F
Meliphagidae	Manorina melanocephala	Noisy Miner	A B C E F
Columbidae	Phaps chalcoptera	Common Bronzewing	C D F
Meliphagidae	Philemon corniculatus	White-cheeked Honeyeater	A
Pachycephalidae	Colluricincla harmonica	Grey Shrike-Thrush	F
Accipitridae	Haliastur sphenurus	Whistling Kite	A
Meliphagidae	Nesoptilotis leucotis	White-eared Honeyeater	A
Meliphagidae	Philemon citreogularis	Little Friarbird	F
Accipitridae	Hieraaetus morphnoides	Little Eagle	A
Campephagidae	Coracina novaehollandiae	Black-faced Cuckoo-shrike	B C E F
Rhipiduridae	Rhipidura albiscapa	Grey Fantail	A B D E F
Cacatuidae	Calyptorhynchus lathami	Glossy Black-cockatoo	A
Passeridae	Passer domesticus	House Sparrow	A
Columbidae	Macropygia amboinensis	Brown Cuckoo-dove	B C E F
Psittaculidae	Platycercus eximius	Eastern Rosella	A B C F
Estrildidae	Neochmia temporalis	Red-browed Finch	B C D E F
Accipitridae	Haliaeetus leucogaster	White-bellied Sea Eagle	A
Meliphagidae	Caligavis chrysops	Yellow-faced Honeyeater	B F
Ptilonorhynchidae	Ptilonorhynchus violaceus	Satin Bowerbird	B C D F
Acanthizidae	Acanthiza pusilla	Brown Gerygone	A B C E
Cuculidae	Eudynamis scolopacea	Common Koel	A F
Columbidae	Leucosarcia melanoleuca	Wonga Pigeon	B E
Climacteridae	Climacteris affinis	White-browed Treecreeper	B
Meliphagidae	Anthochaera chrysoptera	Brush Wattlebird / Little Wattlebird	A
Cacatuidae	Nymphicus hollandicus	Cockatiel	F
Columbidae	Streptopelia chinensis	Spotted Turtle-Dove	A F
Meliphagidae	Anthochaera phrygia	Regent Honeyeater	F
Cuculidae	Scythrops novaehollandiae	Channel-billed Cuckoo	F
Acanthizidae	Acanthiza nana	Yellow Thornbill	B D E
Dicaeidae	Dicaeum hirundinaceum	Mistletoebird	A D
Psittaculidae	Trichoglossus chlorolepidotus	Scaly-breasted Lorikeet	A
Apodidae	Hirundapus caudacutus	White-throated Neddletail	A
Rhipiduridae	Rhipidura leucophrys	Willie Wagtail	A
Meliphagidae	Phylidonyris novaehollandiae	New Holland Honeyeater	A
Psittaculidae	Platycercus elegans	Crimson Rosella	A B C D E F
Sturnidae	Sturnus vulgaris	Common Starling	A
Pardalotidae	Pardalotus striatus	Striated Pardalote	A
Acanthizidae	Acanthiza lineata	Striated Thornbill	B C D F
Climacteridae	Cormobates leucophaea	White-throated Treecreeper	B C D F
Columbidae	Ocyphaps lophotes	Crested Pigeon	A F
Psittaculidae	Parvipsitta pusilla	Little Lorikeet	D
Pachycephalidae	Pachycephala pectoralis	Golden Whistler	A B C D E F
Columbidae	Columba livia	Rock Pigeon	A
Pycnonotidae	Pycnonotus jocosus	Red-whiskered Bulbul	A E F
Hirundinidae	Hirundo neoxena	Welcome Swallow	A E F
Maluridae	Malurus lamberti	Variegated Fairy-wren	A D
Cacatuidae	Eolophus roseicapilla	Galah	A C F
Meliphagidae	Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris	Eastern Spinebill	B C D E
Psittaculidae	Trichoglossus haematodus	Rainbow Lorikeet	B C D E F
Turdidae	Turdus merula	Blackbird	C
Zosteropidae	Zosterops lateralis	Silvereye	A B D
Falconidae	Falco peregrinus	Peregrine Falcon	A
Monarchidae	Grallina cyanoleuca	Magpie-lark	B F
Podargidae	Podargus strigoides	Tawny Frogmouth	A
Accipitridae	Aviceda subcristata	Pacific Baza	A B F
Accipitridae	Accipiter novaehollandiae	Grey Goshawk	B D
Meliphagidae	Meliphaga lewinii	Lewin's Honeyeater	A B C D E
Cacatuidae	Calyptorhynchus funereus	Yellow-tailed Black-cockatoo	F
Tytonidae	Tyto tenebricosa	Sooty Owl	F
Cacatuidae	Cacomantis flabelliformis	Fan-tailed Cuckoo	A
Alcedinidae	Todiramphus santus	Sacred Kingfisher	A
Corvidae	Corvus coronoides	Australian Raven	A C E F
Petroicidae	Eopsaltria australis	Eastern Yellow Robin	B C D E F
Monarchidae	Monarcha melanopsis	Black-faced Monarch	B
Acanthizidae	Gerygone olivacea	White-throated Gerygone	A F
Artamidae	Cracticus torquatus	Grey Butcherbird	A C E F
Pardalotidae	Pardalotus punctatus	Spotted Pardalote	A B C D E F
Acanthizidae	Sericornis frontalis	White-browed Scrubwren	A C D E
Acanthizidae	Sericornis citreogularis	Yellow-throated Scrubwren	B
Alcedinidae	Dacelo novaeguineae	Laughing Kookaburra	A B C D E F
Meliphagidae	Manorina melanophrys	Bell Miner	B C D F
Cacatuidae	Cacatua sanguinea	Little Corella	A
Meliphagidae	Melithreptus lunatus	White-naped Honeyeater	A
Artamidae	Strepera graculina	Pied Currawong	A C E F
Strigidae	Ninox novaeseelandiae	Southern Boobook	A F
Coraciidae	Eurystomus orientalis	Dollarbird	A
Cuculidae	Centropus phasianinus	Pheasant Coucal	A
Psophodidae	Psophodes olivaceus	Eastern Whipbird	A B C D E F
Menuridae	Menura novaehollandiae	Superb Lyrebird	A F
Meliphagidae	Philemon corniculatus	Noisy Friarbird	A F
Psittaculidae	Alisterus scapularis	Australian King-parrot	A B C D E F
Columbidae	Columba leucomela	White-headed Pigeon	B F
Meliphagidae	Anthochaera carunculata	Red Wattlebird	A B C D E F
Tytonidae	Tyto alba	Barn Owl	A
Artamidae	Gymnorhina tibicen	Australian Magpie-lark	A F
Falconidae	Falco cenchroides	Nankeen Kestrel	A E
Sturnidae	Acridotheres tristis	Common Myna	A F
Columbidae	Macropygia phasianella	Brown Cuckoo-dove	B C E
Columbidae	Columba livia	Feral Pigeon	A
Family	Genus / Species	Common Name	Bibliography

Thank you to Carol Probets & Graham Turner for sharing their amazing knowledge of Birds of the Deanei.

An issue much discussed was the strong presence of the Bell Miner bird in a part of the Reserve and their interesting association with Lerps. There is a continuing presence of Bell Miner bird population and possible evidence of Bell Miner Associated Dieback in the Forest

For more information on Bell miner associated dieback go to

(links provided by Mike Purtell)